The French strongman managed to bend most of Europe to his will, yet when it came to smallpox he could merely encourage his compatriots to get immunized against the deadly disease as a civic duty. In some ways, not much has changed. Governments and private-sector employers around the world have pressed those fortunate enough to have access to COVID-19 vaccines to take them – sometimes with targeted mandates, but often only with civic-minded prompts similar to Napoleon’s.