Social tension can occur as a result of cultural and linguistic differences. In Europe, for instance, tension between the Muslim minority and the largely secular majority is frequently attributed to the incommensurability of Islamic and Secular values. The tensions caused by culture are thought to be exacerbated by economic differences, as European Muslim populations are frequently disadvantaged in employment due to a lack of educational opportunities. According to Harvard professor Robert B. Putnam, these kinds of tensions often result in populations “hunkering down” in their homes instead of interacting with their neighbours. If you want to be part of the society, you need to be part of the culture.